Table 1 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of participants according to T2D

No. of subjects

1522

1032

Duration of diabetes, years

5 (0–10)

Age, years

46.4 ± 13.7

57.2 ± 13.8

< .0001

≥ 50 years old

640 (42.1)

785 (76.1)

< .0001

Male sex

1131 (74.3)

549 (53.2)

< .0001

BMI, kg/m²

25.4 ± 3.5

25.3 ± 3.9

0.3338

 BMI < 18.5

23 (1.5)

27 (2.6)

0.2012

 BMI ≥ 18.5 and < 24

504 (33.1)

354 (34.3)

 BMI ≥ 24 and < 28

653 (42.9)

430 (41.7)

 BMI ≥ 28

342(22.5)

221 (21.4)

SBP, mmHg

130.9 ± 17.2

140.4 ± 24.0

< .0001

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.55 ± 0.35

1.08 ± 0.35

< .0001

 < 1.00 in male or < 1.30 in female

123 (8.1)

785 (76.1)

< .0001

LDL-C, mmol/L

3.06 ± 0.70

2.89 ± 1.01

< .0001

 LDL-C > 2.60 mmol/L

1127 (74.1)

434 (42.1)

< .0001

Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.51 (1.02–2.35)

1.67 (1.11–2.38)

0.0126

 Triglyceride > 1.70

644 (42.8)

361 (48.5)

0.0097

HbA1c, %

9.60 (2.38)

Asparagine, μmol/L

70.68 (59.77–84.12)

74.85 (61.98–89.50)

< .0001

 > 88, μmol/L

303 (19.9)

280 (27.1)

< .0001

Aspartate, μmol/L

42.54 (29.67–58.01)

28.37 (20.91–37.56)

< .0001

 < 65, μmol/L

1275 (83.8)

1014 (98.3)

< .0001

Asparagine: aspartate

1.72 (1.26–2.37)

2.60 (1.99–3.55)

< .0001

 ≤ 1.5 μmol/L

578 (38.0)

87 (8.4)

< .0001

 > 1.5 μmol/L

944 (62.0)

945 (91.6)

 Prior CAD

210 (20.4)

 Prior stroke

199 (19.3)

Microvascular complications

 Diabetic retinopathy

162 (15.7)

 Diabetic nephropathy

187 (18.1)

 Oral anti-diabetic drugs

564 (55.1)

 Insulin

770 (74.8)

 Statins

369 (35.9)

Other lipid-lowering drugs

23 (2.2)

 ACEIs

135 (13.1)

 ARBs

134 (13.0)

 Other anti-hypertensive drugs

309 (29.9)