Fig. 1

Gray matter atrophy and cortical thinning in female and male multiple sclerosis patients compared to healthy controls. a Maximum intensity projections of the statistical parametric map of GM loss in all female MS patients compared to all female healthy controls (p < 0.05, FDR corrected) overlaid on the SPM glass brain demonstrating significance clusters in the thalamus. b Sagittal, coronal, and axial sections through the statistical parametric map of GM loss highlighting atrophy in the thalamus (sagittal view) overlaid on the CAT12 mean IXI template. c FreeSurfer cortical thinning maps demonstrating no statistically-significant cortical thinning in female MS patients compared to healthy controls. d Maximum intensity projections of the statistical parametric map of GM loss in all male MS patients compared to all male healthy controls (p < 0.05, FDR corrected) overlaid on the SPM glass brain demonstrating significance clusters in the thalamus, putamen, the precuneus, and medial frontal cortex. e Sagittal, coronal, and axial sections the statistical parametric map of GM loss highlighting atrophy in the thalamus (sagittal view), putamen (coronal view), and precuneus (axial view) overlaid on the CAT12 mean IXI template. c FreeSurfer cortical thinning maps demonstrating statistically-significant cortical thinning in the inferior parietal lobule (yellow arrow) and the superior and transverse occipital sulci (white arrow) in male MS patients compared to healthy controls