Fig. 2
From: Estrogen-related mechanisms in sex differences of hypertension and target organ damage
Regulatory effects of estrogen leading to sex differences in hypertension: a sympathetic nervous system, b renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, c body mass, d oxidative stress, e inflammation, f endothelial (dys) function, g salt sensitivity, h genetic factors, i cardiac hypertrophy, j arterial stiffness, and k renal dysfunction. AT1R, angiotensin type 1 receptor; eNOs, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ER, estrogen receptor; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K); PKB, protein kinase B (also known as AKT); RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system