Fig. 1

Both sex- and gender-based factors contribute to differences between females/women and males/men and should be considered in biomedical research. Gender influences such things as differential inclusion of individuals in biomedical and clinical studies, engagement in behavioral risk factors, access to care and treatment, health-seeking behaviors, and acceptance of immunotherapies, such as vaccines, treatment received, adherence to therapies, response to adverse reactions, and the reporting of outcomes by both patients and health providers and respondents and researchers. Biological sex can impact the pathogenesis of the targeted diseases and immune responses to immunotherapies as well as development of adverse reactions. These outcomes will be influenced by the ways in which gender and sex intersect with other biological and social stratifiers such as age, race, disability, socioeconomic status, and other factors. Together, both sex and gender, and their intersection with other biological and social stratifiers, contribute to differential efficacy of immunotherapies