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Table 2 Univariate analysis at 15 and 20 weeks' gestation and after delivery in SGA infants

From: Sex- and growth-specific characteristics of small for gestational age infants: a prospective cohort study

 

Males

N = 313

Females

N = 320

p value

Asymmetric

N = 262

Symmetric

N = 310

p value

% missing

Pre-pregnancy

       

 Maternal birthweight (g)

3160 (568)

3179 (483)

0.209

3148 (542)

3167 (527)

0.680

6.5

 Leafy vegetable intake ≥ 3/day

11 (3.5)

7 (2.2)

0.315

11 (4.2)

6 (1.9)

0.112

0

 Fruit intake ≤ 1/week

38 (12.1)

45 (14.1)

0.474

29 (11.1)

46 (14.8)

0.183

0

15 weeks’ gestation

       

 Maternal age

29 (5.8)

28 (2.8)

0.075

29 (5.4)

28 (6.0)

0.286

0

 Maternal head circumference (cm)

55.4 (1.8)

55.6 (1.8)

0.363

55.4 (1.8)

55.6 (1.8)

0.370

0.2

 Ethnicity

  

0.425

  

0.001

0

 Caucasian

277 (88.5)

287 (89.7)

 

226 (86.3)

284 (91.6)

  

 Asian

9 (2.9)

7 (2.2)

 

11 (4.2)

5 (1.6)

  

 Indian

10 (3.2)

9 (2.8)

 

13 (5.0)

2 (0.6)

  

 African

3 (1.0)

5 (1.6)

 

5 (1.9)

1 (0.3)

  

 Other

14 (4.5)

12 (3.8)

 

7 (2.7)

18 (5.8)

  

BMI

  

0.735

  

0.030

0.3

< 20

31 (9.9)

25 (7.8)

 

20 (7.6)

28 (9.1)

  

 20–25

130 (41.7)

142 (44.5)

 

124 (47.3)

124 (40.3)

  

 25.1–29.9

93 (29.8)

90 (28.2)

 

81 (30.9)

84 (23.4)

  

 ≥ 30

58 (18.6)

62 (19.2)

 

37 (14.1)

72 (23.4)

  

Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

81 (8.8)

80 (8.2)

0.548

80 (8.4)

81 (8.6)

0.427

0

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

109 [11.0]

108 [10.6]

0.612

108 [10.0]

109 [11.6]

0.348

0

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

67 [8.8]

66 [8.1]

0.561

66 [8.9]

67 [8.3]

0.553

0

 Random glucose

5.4 (0.9)

5.2 (1.0)

0.194

5.2 (1.0)

5.2 (0.9)

0.796

1.6

 Rhesus negative blood group

38 (12.3)

35 (11.0)

0.604

28 (10.8)

37 (12.0)

0.654

0.8

 Socioeconomic index

45 [28–50]

37 [26–50]

0.054

45 [29–50]

36 [22–50]

0.010

0

 Daily vigorous exercise

8 (2.6)

6 (1.9)

0.564

3 (1.1)

9 (2.9)

0.138

0.8

20 weeks’ gestation

       

Smoking > 15 weeks gestation

56 (17.9)

65 (20.3)

0.439

46 (17.6)

68 (21.9)

0.192

0

Uterine Doppler RI

0.61 (0.11)

0.60 (0.11)

0.081

0.60 (0.11)

0.61 (0.11)

0.338

7.1

Umbilical Doppler RI

0.73 (0.06)

0.75 (0.07)

0.003

0.74 (0.07)

0.74 (0.06)

0.299

4.3

Umbilical Doppler RI > 90th percentile

29 (9.6)

54 (17.8)

0.003

34 (13.4)

41 (13.9)

0.888

4.3

Ultrasound HC/AC > 95th percentile

22 (7.2)

23 (7.3)

0.966

16 (6.2)

24 (7.9)

0.444

1.7

Perceived stress score

13 (6.4)

13 (6.3)

0.888

14 (6.5)

13 (6.3)

0.051

3.5

Pregnancy outcome

       

 Pre-eclampsia

85 (27.2)

81 (25.3)

0.598

74 (28.2)

81 (26.1)

0.571

0

 Gestational diabetes

5 (1.6)

5 (1.6)

0.513

5 (1.9)

5 (1.6)

0.962

0

 Induction of labour

120 (38.3)

110 (34.4)

0.300

91 (34.7)

122 (39.4)

0.255

0

 Emergency caesarean section

56 (8.8)

44 (7.0)

0.153

43 (7.5)

54 (9.4)

0.749

0

Neonatal characteristics

       

 Birthweight (g)

2780 [2483—2990]

2720 [2433—2970]

0.112

2745 [2474—2970]

2780 [2438—2986]

0.961

0

 Customized birthweight percentile

4.8 (3.0)

4.7 (3.0)

0.694

4.4 (2.8)

5.0 (3.0)

0.018

0

 Gestational age (days)

272 (24.1)

272 (25.0)

0.872

276 (15.6)

270 (26.4)

0.003

0

 Spontaneous preterm birth (< 37 weeks)

10 (3.2)

16 (5.0)

0.253

6 (2.3)

17 (5.5)

0.053

0

Ponderal Index

2.42 [2.24—2.59]

2.48 [2.30—2.64]

0.013

2.21 [2.10 - 2.37]

2.60 [2.51—2.72]

0.000

9.6

Ponderal Index < 10th percentile for gestation

147 (51.2)

115 (40.4)

0.009

   

9.6

Head circumference (cm)

33.2 (2.7)

32.8 (2.4)

0.000

33.3 (2.1)

32.7 (2.8)

0.010

5.4

Length (cm)

48.5 [46.5–50.0]

48.0 [46.0–49.0]

0.004

49.35 [48.0–51.0]

46.8 [45.1–48.3]

0.000

9.6

Male

   

147 (56.1)

140 (45.2)

0.009

0

Stillbirth

9 (2.9)

11 (3.4)

0.686

2 (0.8)

10 (3.2)

0.041

0

5-min Apgar < 7

7 (2.3)

8 (2.6)

0.829

3 (1.2)

11 (3.7)

0.060

4.4

Neonatal death

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

0.322

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

n/a

0

Admitted to nursery

80 (25.6)

63 (19.7)

0.077

56 (24.1)

75 (24.2)

0.424

0

  1. All values are mean (SD) and median [IQR] for continuous variables and absolute numbers (percentages) for categorical variables. BMI body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). RI resistance index (calculated as peak systolic flow minus end diastolic flow divided by peak systolic flow). HC/AC head circumference to abdominal circumference ratio