| Males N = 313 | Females N = 320 | p value | Asymmetric N = 262 | Symmetric N = 310 | p value | % missing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-pregnancy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Maternal birthweight (g) | 3160 (568) | 3179 (483) | 0.209 | 3148 (542) | 3167 (527) | 0.680 | 6.5 |
 Leafy vegetable intake ≥ 3/day | 11 (3.5) | 7 (2.2) | 0.315 | 11 (4.2) | 6 (1.9) | 0.112 | 0 |
 Fruit intake ≤ 1/week | 38 (12.1) | 45 (14.1) | 0.474 | 29 (11.1) | 46 (14.8) | 0.183 | 0 |
15 weeks’ gestation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Maternal age | 29 (5.8) | 28 (2.8) | 0.075 | 29 (5.4) | 28 (6.0) | 0.286 | 0 |
 Maternal head circumference (cm) | 55.4 (1.8) | 55.6 (1.8) | 0.363 | 55.4 (1.8) | 55.6 (1.8) | 0.370 | 0.2 |
 Ethnicity |  |  | 0.425 |  |  | 0.001 | 0 |
 Caucasian | 277 (88.5) | 287 (89.7) |  | 226 (86.3) | 284 (91.6) |  |  |
 Asian | 9 (2.9) | 7 (2.2) |  | 11 (4.2) | 5 (1.6) |  |  |
 Indian | 10 (3.2) | 9 (2.8) |  | 13 (5.0) | 2 (0.6) |  |  |
 African | 3 (1.0) | 5 (1.6) |  | 5 (1.9) | 1 (0.3) |  |  |
 Other | 14 (4.5) | 12 (3.8) |  | 7 (2.7) | 18 (5.8) |  |  |
BMI | Â | Â | 0.735 | Â | Â | 0.030 | 0.3 |
< 20 | 31 (9.9) | 25 (7.8) | Â | 20 (7.6) | 28 (9.1) | Â | Â |
 20–25 | 130 (41.7) | 142 (44.5) |  | 124 (47.3) | 124 (40.3) |  |  |
 25.1–29.9 | 93 (29.8) | 90 (28.2) |  | 81 (30.9) | 84 (23.4) |  |  |
 ≥ 30 | 58 (18.6) | 62 (19.2) |  | 37 (14.1) | 72 (23.4) |  |  |
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 81 (8.8) | 80 (8.2) | 0.548 | 80 (8.4) | 81 (8.6) | 0.427 | 0 |
 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 109 [11.0] | 108 [10.6] | 0.612 | 108 [10.0] | 109 [11.6] | 0.348 | 0 |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 67 [8.8] | 66 [8.1] | 0.561 | 66 [8.9] | 67 [8.3] | 0.553 | 0 |
 Random glucose | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.2 (1.0) | 0.194 | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.2 (0.9) | 0.796 | 1.6 |
 Rhesus negative blood group | 38 (12.3) | 35 (11.0) | 0.604 | 28 (10.8) | 37 (12.0) | 0.654 | 0.8 |
 Socioeconomic index | 45 [28–50] | 37 [26–50] | 0.054 | 45 [29–50] | 36 [22–50] | 0.010 | 0 |
 Daily vigorous exercise | 8 (2.6) | 6 (1.9) | 0.564 | 3 (1.1) | 9 (2.9) | 0.138 | 0.8 |
20 weeks’ gestation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Smoking > 15 weeks gestation | 56 (17.9) | 65 (20.3) | 0.439 | 46 (17.6) | 68 (21.9) | 0.192 | 0 |
Uterine Doppler RI | 0.61 (0.11) | 0.60 (0.11) | 0.081 | 0.60 (0.11) | 0.61 (0.11) | 0.338 | 7.1 |
Umbilical Doppler RI | 0.73 (0.06) | 0.75 (0.07) | 0.003 | 0.74 (0.07) | 0.74 (0.06) | 0.299 | 4.3 |
Umbilical Doppler RI > 90th percentile | 29 (9.6) | 54 (17.8) | 0.003 | 34 (13.4) | 41 (13.9) | 0.888 | 4.3 |
Ultrasound HC/AC > 95th percentile | 22 (7.2) | 23 (7.3) | 0.966 | 16 (6.2) | 24 (7.9) | 0.444 | 1.7 |
Perceived stress score | 13 (6.4) | 13 (6.3) | 0.888 | 14 (6.5) | 13 (6.3) | 0.051 | 3.5 |
Pregnancy outcome | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Pre-eclampsia | 85 (27.2) | 81 (25.3) | 0.598 | 74 (28.2) | 81 (26.1) | 0.571 | 0 |
 Gestational diabetes | 5 (1.6) | 5 (1.6) | 0.513 | 5 (1.9) | 5 (1.6) | 0.962 | 0 |
 Induction of labour | 120 (38.3) | 110 (34.4) | 0.300 | 91 (34.7) | 122 (39.4) | 0.255 | 0 |
 Emergency caesarean section | 56 (8.8) | 44 (7.0) | 0.153 | 43 (7.5) | 54 (9.4) | 0.749 | 0 |
Neonatal characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Birthweight (g) | 2780 [2483—2990] | 2720 [2433—2970] | 0.112 | 2745 [2474—2970] | 2780 [2438—2986] | 0.961 | 0 |
 Customized birthweight percentile | 4.8 (3.0) | 4.7 (3.0) | 0.694 | 4.4 (2.8) | 5.0 (3.0) | 0.018 | 0 |
 Gestational age (days) | 272 (24.1) | 272 (25.0) | 0.872 | 276 (15.6) | 270 (26.4) | 0.003 | 0 |
 Spontaneous preterm birth (< 37 weeks) | 10 (3.2) | 16 (5.0) | 0.253 | 6 (2.3) | 17 (5.5) | 0.053 | 0 |
Ponderal Index | 2.42 [2.24—2.59] | 2.48 [2.30—2.64] | 0.013 | 2.21 [2.10 - 2.37] | 2.60 [2.51—2.72] | 0.000 | 9.6 |
Ponderal Index < 10th percentile for gestation | 147 (51.2) | 115 (40.4) | 0.009 | Â | Â | Â | 9.6 |
Head circumference (cm) | 33.2 (2.7) | 32.8 (2.4) | 0.000 | 33.3 (2.1) | 32.7 (2.8) | 0.010 | 5.4 |
Length (cm) | 48.5 [46.5–50.0] | 48.0 [46.0–49.0] | 0.004 | 49.35 [48.0–51.0] | 46.8 [45.1–48.3] | 0.000 | 9.6 |
Male | Â | Â | Â | 147 (56.1) | 140 (45.2) | 0.009 | 0 |
Stillbirth | 9 (2.9) | 11 (3.4) | 0.686 | 2 (0.8) | 10 (3.2) | 0.041 | 0 |
5-min Apgar < 7 | 7 (2.3) | 8 (2.6) | 0.829 | 3 (1.2) | 11 (3.7) | 0.060 | 4.4 |
Neonatal death | 0 (0.0) | 1Â (0.3) | 0.322 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n/a | 0 |
Admitted to nursery | 80 (25.6) | 63 (19.7) | 0.077 | 56 (24.1) | 75 (24.2) | 0.424 | 0 |