Table 1 Maternal demographics, pregnancy characteristics, and outcome

 Maternal birthweight (g)

3308 (547)

3350 (529)

3170 (526)

0.000

5.2

 Leafy vegetable intake ≥ 3/day

337 (6.0)

239 (7.1)

18 (2.8)

0.000

0

 Fruit intake ≤ 1/week

500 (8.9)

250 (7.4)

83 (13.1)

0.000

0

15 weeks’ gestation

 Maternal age (years)

29 [25–32]

30 [25–33]

29 [24–33]

0.336

0

 Maternal head circumference (cm)

55.7 (1.7)

55.8 (1.7)

55.5 (1.8)

0.000

0.2

 Ethnicity

0.028

0

 Caucasian

5061 (89.9)

3059 (90.6)

564 (89.1)

 Asian

170 (3.0)

110 (3.3)

16 (2.5)

 Indian

134 (2.4)

65 (1.9)

19 (3.0)

 African

65 (1.2)

27 (0.8)

8 (1.3)

 Other

198 (3.5)

115 (3.4)

26 (4.1)

BMI

0.000

0.9

 < 20

429 (7.6)

242 (7.2)

56 (8.9)

20–25

2809 (49.9)

1842 (55.1)

272 (43.1)

25.1–29.9

1500 (26.7)

860 (25.7)

183 (29.0)

 ≥ 30

842 (15.0)

398 (11.9)

120 (19.0)

 Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

79 (7.8)

78 (7.2)

80 (8.5)

0.000

0

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

107 [100–113]

105 [99–111]

108 [100–115]

0.000

0

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

64 [60–70]

63 [60–69]

65 [60–72]

0.000

0

 Random glucose (mmol/l)

5.3 (1.0)

5.3 (0.9)

5.2 (0.9)

0.064

1.3

 Rhesus negative blood group

838 (14.9)

510 (15.1)

73 (11.6)

0.022

0.2

 Socioeconomic index

45 [28–70]

45 [29–50]

43 [27–50]

0.000

0

 Daily vigorous exercise

54 (1.0)

25 (0.7)

14 (2.2)

0.001

0.4

 20 weeks’ data

 Smoking > 15 weeks' gestation

607 (10.8)

309 (9.2)

121 (19.1)

0.000

0

 Uterine Doppler mean RI

0.57 (0.10)

0.56 (0.10)

0.61 (0.11)

0.000

6.1

 Umbilical Doppler RI

0.73 (0.06)

0.73 (0.06)

0.74 (0.07)

0.000

4.1

 Umbilical Doppler RI > 90^th percentile

516 (9.2)

238 (8.6)

109 (17.2)

0.000

4.1

 Ultrasound HC/AC > 95th percentile

273 (4.9)

153 (4.6)

45 (7.2)

0.006

2.3

 Perceived stress score

12 (6.5)

12 (6.4)

13 (6.3)

0.001

3.1

 Pregnancy outcome

 Pre-eclampsia

374 (6.6)

0 (0.0)

166 (26.2)

0.000

0

 Gestational diabetes

143 (2.5)

0 (0.0)

10 (1.6)

0.000

0.3

Neonatal characteristics

 Birthweight (g)

3401 (591.5)

3594 (398.6)

2608 (578.0)

0.000

0.3

 Customized birthweight percentile

47.6 (29.1)

54.2 (25.2)

4.7 (3.0)

0.000

0.4

 Gestational age (days)

277 (17.7)

281 (8.1)

272 (24.5)

0.000

0

 Spontaneous preterm birth (< 37 weeks)

236 (4.2)

0 (0.0)

26 (4.1)

0.000

0

 Ponderal index (g/m³)

2.68 [2.48–2.88]

2.71 [2.53–2.89]

2.45 [2.28–2.62]

0.000

6.0

 Ponderal index < 10th percentile for gestation

1084 (19.3)

565 (17.6)

262 (45.8)

0.000

6.0

 Stillbirth

37 (0.7)

0 (0.0)

20 (3.2)

0.000

0.3