Fig. 1

Hypothesized mechanisms by which testosterone deficiency may contribute to vascular aging in women and men. AGEs, advanced glycation end products; CV, cardiovascular; IL-10, interleukin-10; IMT, intima-media thickness; LV, left ventricle; NFκ-B, nuclear factor κ-B; NO, nitric oxide; PP, pulse pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α, VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell