Table 2 Content outline

1. Overview of sex differences in cancer

 Table 1 Cancers with a clear sex disparity in age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 according to SEER explorer incidence data

2. Epigenetics

 2.1: Epigenetics and cancer

 2.2: Sex differences in epigenetics

 2.3: Implications for targeting epigenetics

 Fig. 1 Sex-specific epigenetic programming may contribute to differential barriers to tumorigenesis in males and females

3. Metabolism

 3.1: Metabolism and cancer

 3.2: Sex differences in metabolism

 3.3: Implications for targeting metabolism

 Fig. 2 Sex differences in metabolic pathways may contribute to sex differences in cancer development

4. p53

 4.1: p53 and cancer

 4.2 Sex differences in p53

 4.3: Implications for targeting p53

5. Cellular senescence

 5.1: Senescence and cancer

 5.2: Sex differences in senescence

 5.3: Implications for targeting senescence

 Fig. 3 Sex differences in senescence and SASP may contribute to the increasing sex disparity in cancer incidence with age

6. Immunity

 6.1: The immune system in cancer

 6.2: Sex differences in the immune system

 6.3: Implications for immunotherapy

 Fig. 4 Sex differences in immune cells affecting cancer development

7. Angiogenesis

 7.1: Angiogenesis and cancer

 7.2: Sex differences in angiogenesis

 7.3: Implications for targeting tumor angiogenesis

 Fig. 5 Sex differences in endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, circulating angiogenic factors, and sex hormones contribute to sex differences in tumor angiogenesis

8. Statistical considerations

 Fig. 6 Visualizing statistical interaction

9. Perspectives and significance