Sex differences in the risk of vascular disease associated with diabetes

Table 2 Results from studies reporting on sex differences in screening, risk factor control, and drug interventions for diabetes

	Women do better	Women do worse	No difference between sexes
Screening (vascular) complications
Doctor visit	62
BMI		44	63, 79
(Systolic) blood pressure	44, 62	59	52, 61, 63
Retinopathy	54, 55, 58, 62, 80	52, 57, 81, 82	79, 83
Feet exam		44, 52, 83	57, 62
HbA1c	58, 80	55^¶, 56, 61**	44, 52, 53, 54, 55^‡, 57, 59, 61^~, 62, 63, 79, 81, 82, 83
Lipid profile/total cholesterol/LDL cholesterol		44, 52, 53, 55^¶, 56, 59, 61**, 81, 84	54, 57, 55^‡, 58, 61^~, 63, 79, 80, 82, 83
Nephropathy		52, 55	58, 79
Urine albumin		44, 81, 82	53, 57
Serum creatinine	44	61**, 81	61^~
Smoking status	59	44, 79
Screened for diabetes complications	63, 80	44, 59, 85	80, 82, 83
Risk factor control
Being on target for
HbA1c	53, 57	50, 51, 52, 79, 86	49, 50, 51^†, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61
(Systolic) blood pressure	50^†	49, 50, 51*, 52	49^†, 51^†, 57, 59, 60, 61, 79
Total cholesterol/LDL cholesterol		48, 49*, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59	49^†, 60, 61, 79
BMI		50, 52
Smoking status (non-smoker)	50		59
Being off target despite drug prescription
Glucose-lowering drugs		52
Lipid-lowering drugs		52
Antihypertensive drugs			52
Receiving drug prescription and being on target
Glucose-lowering drugs		87	63
Lipid-lowering drugs		63, 87
Antihypertensive drugs	63	87*	87^†
Drug interventions
Being off target and no prescription
Glucose-lowering drugs	52
Lipid-lowering drugs			52
Antihypertensive drugs	52
ACE-I or ARB		52
Being off target and prescription
Glucose-lowering drugs			49, 51, 63
Lipid-lowering drugs		51*, 53	49, 51^†, 63
Antihypertensive drugs			49, 51, 63
ACE-I or ARB			53

ISSN: 2042-6410