Sex differences in clinical presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus

Table 3 Sex differences in the presentation of renal involvement¹

	Women n = 780% (frequency)	Men n = 122% (frequency)	p value
Patients with renal involvement²	32% (247/780)	61% (75/122)	< 0.0001
Histopathological data available	81% (199/247)	89% (66/75)	0.23
Renal involvement histopathological classification
Lupus nephritis³
I-II*	14% (28/199)	12% (8/66)	0.84
III-IV**	65% (129/199)	59% (39/66)	0.46
V***	15% (30/199)	20% (13/66)	0.44
APSN⁴	2% (4/199)	3% (2/66)	0.69
Other⁵ histological findings	4% (8/199)	5% (5/66)	0.85
Disease duration to diagnosis of renal involvement⁶ (mean ± SD)	4.8 ± 7.4	4.2 ± 7.1	0.36
Age at diagnosis of renal involvement (mean ± SD)	32.4 ± 14.4	38.8 ± 17.3	0.006

¹Data available for patients followed at the University Hospitals in Linköping, Lund, Stockholm and Uppsala
²Diagnoses include lupus nephritis, APS nephropathy, vasculitis, IgA nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephritis and diabetic nephropathy
³According to the World Health Organization (WHO) or International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN-RPS) classification. In cases with repeated biopsies, the most severe class was used. Missing histopathological data: female group (48/247) and male group (9/75)
⁴Anti-phospholipid syndrome associated nephropathy (APSN) was defined as APS features present in the renal biopsy
⁵Other histopathological findings, including vasculitis, IgA nephropathy, tubulointerstitial nephritis and diabetic nephropathy
⁶Disease duration to diagnosis of renal involvement = years from SLE diagnosis to onset of renal involvement
*3 females had concomitant findings of APSN/TMA
**3 females and 2 males had concomitant findings of APSN/TMA
***3 males had concomitant findings of APSN/TMA
Italisized p-values denote significant observations

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