Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system

Table 1 Sex differences in metabolic effects of the RAS in preclinical models

RAS component	Obesity	Dyslipidemia	Insulin sensitivity	Glucose tolerance	References
Angiotensinogen
Males	↑, -	↑	↓	↓	[35, 36, 38,39,40, 42]
Females	-	UNK	-	-	[35, 38]
Renin
Males	↑	↑	↓	↓	[43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50]
Females	-, ↑	-, ↑	-, ↓	-, ↓	[50, 51]
Prorenin
Males	↑	↑	↓	↓	[52,53,54,55]
Females	↑	UNK	UNK	UNK	[56]
Angiotensin II
Males	↑, ↓	↑	↓	↓	[17, 57,58,59,60,61,62,63]
Females	UNK	-	↓	↓	[64, 65]
ACE
Males	↑	↑	↓	↓	[62, 66, 67]
Females	UNK	↑	↓	↓	[68, 69]
AT₁ receptors
Males	↑	-, ↑	↓	↓	[57, 58, 65, 70, 71]
Females	↑	UNK	↓	↓	[65, 72]
AT₂ receptors
Males	↓	↑, ↓	↓, ↑	↓, ↑	[61, 73,74,75,76,77,78,79]
Females	-	↓	↑	↑	[74, 80]
Angiotensin-(1-7)
Males	↓	↓	↑	↑	[59, 81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90]
Females	UNK	UNK	UNK	UNK
ACE2
Males	↓	↓	-, ↑	↑	[91,92,93,94,95,96,97]
Females	UNK	UNK	UNK	UNK
Mas receptors
Males	-, ↓	↓	↑	↑	[97,98,99]
Females	-	UNK	UNK	UNK	[99]
Alamandine
Males	UNK	UNK	UNK	UNK
Females	UNK	UNK	UNK	UNK

ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, AT₁ angiotensin II type 1, AT₂ angiotensin II type 2, RAS renin-angiotensin system, ↑ increases, ↓ decreases, - neutral effects, UNK information currently unknown

ISSN: 2042-6410