Body composition
|
Baseline fat mass (WT and KO)
|
Higher than males
|
Lower than females
|
Rate of gonadal fat mass gain (WT)
|
Lower than males
|
Higher than females
|
Rate of gonadal fat mass gain (KO)
|
Higher than males
|
Lower than females
|
Fat mass gain in BAT
|
Higher
|
Lower
|
BAT relative to body weight (WT and KO)
|
Higher than males
|
Lower than females
|
Adipocyte size
|
Larger
|
Larger
|
Percent fat mass at 4 months
|
Higher than males
|
Lower than females
|
Body weight, LFD
|
Higher
|
Higher
|
Body weight, HFD
|
Attenuated vs. WT
|
Higher
|
Biochemical measurements
|
Glucose tolerance
|
Tolerant
|
Tolerant23
|
Insulin tolerance
|
Tolerant
|
Tolerant23
|
Fasting glucose
|
Unchanged
|
Lower23
|
Fasting insulin, LFD
|
Higher
|
Unchanged23
|
Fasting insulin, HFD
|
Unchanged
|
Lower23
|
Circulating free fatty acids
|
Unchanged (LFD), lower (HFD)
|
Lower23 (LFD and HFD)
|
Circulating triglycerides
|
Unchanged
|
Lower23
|
Inflammation and fibrosis markers in gWAT
|
Crown-like structures
|
Fewer
|
Fewer
|
Adipose fibrosis
|
Lower
|
Lower
|
Macrophage marker (F4/80, CD68, CD11b)
|
No change
|
Lower23
|
M1-macrophage marker (CD11c)
|
Lower
|
Lower23
|
M2-macrophage marker (Ym1, Arg1, IL4)
|
Higher
|
Higher (Arg1)23
|
Pro-inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL6, Ccl2, Ccr2)
|
Unchanged
|
Lower23
|
Pai-1, Saa3 gene expression
|
Unchanged
|
Lower23
|
Gdf3 gene expression
|
Lower
|
Lower23
|
Thermogenesis markers in BAT
|
ER-α/ERR-γ gene expression
|
Higher
|
No change
|
ER-α/ERR-γ protein expression
|
Lower
|
No change
|
PCG1α, Dio2, Ucp1 gene expression
|
Higher
|
No change
|
PCG1α, Dio2, Ucp1 protein expression
|
Higher
|
No change
|