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Table 1 Summary of sex-related differences in Siah2KO adipose tissue
| Siah2KO phenotype | Females (compared to WT and HFD unless otherwise noted) | Males (compared to WT and HFD unless otherwise noted) |
|---|---|---|
| Body composition | ||
| Baseline fat mass (WT and KO) | Higher than males | Lower than females |
| Rate of gonadal fat mass gain (WT) | Lower than males | Higher than females |
| Rate of gonadal fat mass gain (KO) | Higher than males | Lower than females |
| Fat mass gain in BAT | Higher | Lower |
| BAT relative to body weight (WT and KO) | Higher than males | Lower than females |
| Adipocyte size | Larger | Larger |
| Percent fat mass at 4 months | Higher than males | Lower than females |
| Body weight, LFD | Higher | Higher |
| Body weight, HFD | Attenuated vs. WT | Higher |
| Biochemical measurements | ||
| Glucose tolerance | Tolerant | Tolerant23 |
| Insulin tolerance | Tolerant | Tolerant23 |
| Fasting glucose | Unchanged | Lower23 |
| Fasting insulin, LFD | Higher | Unchanged23 |
| Fasting insulin, HFD | Unchanged | Lower23 |
| Circulating free fatty acids | Unchanged (LFD), lower (HFD) | Lower23 (LFD and HFD) |
| Circulating triglycerides | Unchanged | Lower23 |
| Inflammation and fibrosis markers in gWAT | ||
| Crown-like structures | Fewer | Fewer |
| Adipose fibrosis | Lower | Lower |
| Macrophage marker (F4/80, CD68, CD11b) | No change | Lower23 |
| M1-macrophage marker (CD11c) | Lower | Lower23 |
| M2-macrophage marker (Ym1, Arg1, IL4) | Higher | Higher (Arg1)23 |
| Pro-inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL6, Ccl2, Ccr2) | Unchanged | Lower23 |
| Pai-1, Saa3 gene expression | Unchanged | Lower23 |
| Gdf3 gene expression | Lower | Lower23 |
| Thermogenesis markers in BAT | ||
| ER-α/ERR-γ gene expression | Higher | No change |
| ER-α/ERR-γ protein expression | Lower | No change |
| PCG1α, Dio2, Ucp1 gene expression | Higher | No change |
| PCG1α, Dio2, Ucp1 protein expression | Higher | No change |
