Fig. 6

VSG improves CD11c⁺ adipose macrophages but CD11c⁻ ATMs do not fully recover in both sexes. Six-week-old C57Bl/6j males and females were fed HFD for 12 weeks. At that time, animals underwent sham surgery or vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Sham animals were either switched to chow or remained on HFD for an additional 8 weeks. At 26 weeks of age, animals were sacrificed and GWAT stromal vascular fraction (SVF) was isolated and flow cytometry used to quantitate a ATMs, b CD11c⁻ ATMs, c CD11c⁺ ATMs, d dendritic cells (DC), and e neutrophils (Ly6G⁺ cells). f Immunofluorescence performed with caveolin (green) and Mac2 (purple) staining. Inset demonstrating areas of clustered macrophages seen in male VSG samples. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.005, ****p < 0.001, significant differences are shown only between sham chow and VSG chow or sham HFD or VSG HFD. N = 6–9 for VSG chow groups, N = 13–18 for ATM and DC populations, and N = 5–10 for adipose neutrophils