Sex-specific influence on cardiac structural remodeling and therapy in cardiovascular disease

Table 1 Sex differences in cardiovascular structural remodeling

	Myocardial infarction	Hypertension/aortic stenosis/PO	Pulmonary hypertension/COPD	HCM/DCM	ACM
Prevalence	M > F in all age groups [9, 18]	F < M pre-menopausal, F > M post-menopausal [14, 31]	F > M Pulmonary hypertension [86] F > M COPD [17]	M > F in all age groups [18]	M > F in all age groups [18]
Mortality	M = F [3, 9]	depending on age [3]	M > F [1]	M > F in all age groups [18]	M > F in all age groups [18]
Hypertrophy	M > F [21, 44]	M: eccentric F: concentric [1, 14, 22, 25]	M > F [38, 39]	M > F [69, 87]	M > F [18]
Inflammation	M > F [48]	M > F [34]	M > F [88]	M > F [69, 89]	Sex unmentioned [90]
Fibrosis	M > F and M larger infarct size [44]	M > F [14, 34, 63]	M > F [67]	M > F [69]	No significant differences in fibro-fatty replacement [71]
Apoptosis	M > F and M larger infarct size [62]	M > F [64]	M > F [67]	M > F [69]	M > F in iPS cells [72]

Abbreviations: F = female; M = male; ACM = arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DCM = dilated cardiomyopathy; HCM = hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; PO = pressure overload

ISSN: 2042-6410