Table 3 Sex-specific biomarker levels in heart failure (reprinted with permission) [42]K
From: Sex differences in ischemic heart disease and heart failure biomarkers
Total cohort (n = 567) | Male (n = 351) | Female (n = 216) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Inflammation | ||||
C-reactive protein, μg/mL | 11.4 (4.8–33.0) | 13.0 (5.5–33.0) | 9.0 (4.2–28.9) | 0.018 |
PTX 3, ng/mL | 3.7 (2.5–5.6) | 3.9 (2.7–5.8) | 3.3 (2.2–5.0) | 0.002 |
GDF-15, ng/mL | 2.8 (1.9–4.3) | 3.1 (2.2–4.7) | 2.4 (1.7–3.8) | 0.000 |
Osteopontin, ng/mL | 159.2 (109.0–223.1) | 165.7 (111.4–232.8) | 147.2 (100.9–209.3) | 0.083 |
RAGE, ng/mL | 2.9 (1.9–4.6) | 3.0 (1.9–4.7) | 2.7 (1.9–4.2) | 0.165 |
Interleukin 6, ng/mL | 12.0 (6.8–24.3) | 13.1 (7.9–28.4) | 10.9 (5.9–18.4) | < 0.001 |
TNF-α, pg/mL | 45.8 (4.7–121.3) | 47.3 (4.7–146.4) | 43.7 (4.8–85.0) | 0.230 |
TNF-αR1a, ng/mL | 3.1 (2.2–4.6) | 3.1 (2.2–4.7) | 2.9 (2.2–4.4) | 0.500 |
Oxidative stress | ||||
MPO, ng/mL | 20.1 (15.6–28.1) | 20.4 (15.7–28.4) | 19.1 (15.3–26.5) | 0.115 |
Remodeling | ||||
Syndecan-1, ng/mL | 20.8 (15.4–28.5) | 20.8 (15.4–28.5) | 17.7 (12.2–26.1) | 0.004 |
Periostin, ng/mL | 4.7 (3.4–6.6) | 5.0 (3.5–6.6) | 4.4 (3.1–6.3) | 0.023 |
Galectin 3, ng/mL | 25.6 (21.1–32.1) | 26.2 (21.5–32.5) | 24.9 (20.2–31.2) | 0.057 |
TGF-β, ng/mL | 51 (35–75) | 48 (34–72) | 53 (36–82) | 0.043 |
Cardiomyocyte stretch | ||||
NTpro-BNP, pg/mL | 2532 (1309–5721) | 2677 (1407–6340) | 2344 (1197–5047) | 0.978 |
ST-2, ng/mL | 2.5 (1.4–5.4) | 2.6 (1.5–5.4) | 2.2 (1.2–5.5) | 0.069 |
Angiogenesis | ||||
VEGF, ng/mL | 63.0 (31.4–143.8) | 58.7 (27.3–118.0) | 73.1 (36.8–189.4) | 0.003 |
Angiogenin, μg/mL | 5.1 (3.6–7.5) | 5.0 (3.6–7.4) | 5.3 (3.5–8.0) | 0.465 |
Arteriosclerosis | ||||
ESAM, ng/mL | 53.0 (44.5–64.3) | 54.1 (45.5–65.1) | 51.3 (43.0–62.1) | 0.038 |
Renal function | ||||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 53.9 ± 20.2 | 55.8 ± 19.9 | 50.9 ± 20.2 | 0.006 |
Cystatin C, μg/mL | 11.1 (7.6–16.2) | 11.1 (7.7–16.9) | 11.1 (7.6–15.7) | 0.774 |
NGAL, ng/mL | 84.6 (60.4–123.3) | 85.8 (61.3–135.9) | 83.8 (58.8–116.1) | 0.127 |
Anemia | ||||
Hb, g/dL | 13.1 ± 2.0 | 13.4 ± 2.1 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
EPOa, IU/L | 9.6 (5.2–16.0) | 9.7 (5.1–16.5) | 9.5 (5.2–15.0) | 0.569 |