Fig. 3

PMI5011 and bitter melon alter carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in high-fat-fed female mice: PMI5011 and bitter melon supplementation do not result in statistically significant alterations in AUC for GTT and ITT (a, b); however, there was a trend toward higher blood glucose levels at the later time points in the ITT for both PMI5011 and bitter melon (b). Pyruvate tolerance tests showed that both bitter melon and PMI5011 increased hepatic glucose production, consistent with increased gluconeogenesis (c). Neither PMI5011 nor bitter melon induced statistically significant changes in blood glucose (d), although PMI5011 supplementation resulted in a trend (p = 0.06) toward elevated fasting insulin (e). Statistically significant modulations were not detected in HOMA-IR (f), although PMI5011 appears to result in non-significant increase in this parameter. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, as determined by repeated measures ANOVA or unpaired two-tailed t test. Variability is expressed as mean ± SD