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Table 4 Sex ratio of autoimmune diseases that may be associated with PAH [24]

From: Sex differences in pulmonary arterial hypertension: role of infection and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of disease

Autoimmune disease

Ratio of women to men

Prevalence (per 105)

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

19:1

792

Sjögren’s syndrome

16:1

14

Systemic sclerosis/sclerodermaa

12:1

24

Primary biliary cirrhosis

8:1

15

Autoimmune hepatitis type 2

8:1

3

Graves’ disease (thyroiditis)

7:1

629

Systemic lupus erythematosusa

7:1

32

Autoimmune hepatitis type 1

4:1

17

Mixed connective tissue disease

4:1

3

Rheumatoid arthritisa

3:1

860

Myositis/dermatomyositisa

2:1

5

Myocarditisb

1:2

–

  1. aRheumatic autoimmune diseases include Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis/scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and myositis/ dermatomyositis
  2. bThe prevalence of myocarditis is not known