Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population and pregnancy outcomes
From: Sex differences in umbilical artery Doppler indices: a longitudinal study
|  | Female (n = 142) | Male (n = 152) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal | |||
 Age (years) | 29 (range 20–43) | 30 (range 18–40) | 0.646 |
 Body mass index at booking (kg/m2) | 24.85 ± 4.00 | 24.45 ± 3.65 | 0.374 |
 Nulliparous | 70 (49.3%) | 76 (50.0%) | 0.904 |
Fetal | |||
 Gestational age at birth (days)a | 279 (range 238–297) | 280 (range 234–297) | 0.633 |
 Birth weight (g) | 3593 ± 431 | 3603 ± 533 | 0.860 |
 Placental weight (g) | 631 ± 128 | 645 ± 142 | 0.385 |
 Fetal-placental ratio | 5.84 ± 1.03 | 5.74 ± 0.98 | 0.413 |
 5-min Apgar score | 10 (range 2–10) | 9 (range 0–10) | 0.348 |
 Umbilical artery pH | 7.25 ± 0.10 | 7.25 ± 0.08 | 0.831 |
 Umbilical artery base excess (mmol/L) | −4.16 ± 3.91 | −4.54 ± 3.06 | 0.472 |
 Meconium stained liquor | 29 (20.4%) | 25 (16.6%) | 0.443 |
 Admission to NICU | 8 (5.7%) | 11 (7.3%) | 0.577 |
 Preterm birth, < 37+0 weeks’ gestation | 1 (0.7%) | 6 (3.9%) | 0.068 |
 Preeclampsia | 3 (2.1%) | 6 (3.9%) | 0.361 |
 SGA/IUGR | 1 (0.7%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.348 |
Mode of delivery | |||
 Normal | 114 (80.3%) | 126 (82.9%) | 0.563 |
 Vacuum/forceps | 6 (4.2%) | 7 (4.6%) | 0.874 |
 Cesarean section | 22 (15.5%) | 19 (12.5%) | 0.459 |