Table 1 Study participant characteristics stratified by sex and hormonal contraceptive (HC) use
| Â | Females not taking HC | Females taking HC | Males | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 199 (19.55) | 269 (26.42) | 550 (54.03) | Â |
Age (years; mean ± sd) Age (years; mean ± sd) Age (years; mean ± sd) | 20.1 (0.6) | 20.01 (0.61) | 20.07 (0.50) |  |
Waist circumference (cm; mean ± sd) | 78.63 (±13.64) | 76.09 (±11.96) | 82.46 (±11.25) | <0.001a <0.001b <0.05c |
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 24.88 (6.09) | 23.85 (6.09) | 24.32 (4.17) | 0.0504c |
Glucose (mmol/L; mean ± sd) | 4.87 (±0.38) | 4.83 (±0.36) | 5.05 (±0.44) | <0.001a <0.001b |
Triglycerides (mmol/L;mean ± sd) | 0.85 (±0.38) | 1.16 (±0.49) | 1.08 (±0.56) | <0.001a <0.05b <0.001c  |
HDL-C (mmol/L; mean ± sd) | 1.41 (±0.32) | 1.42 (±0.30) | 1.23 (±0.26) | <0.001a <0.001b  |
LDL-C (mmol/L; mean ± sd) | 2.51 (±0.64) | 2.59 (±0.62) | 2.43 (±0.67) | 0.001b |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg; mean ± sd) | 110.92 (±11.69) | 111.7 (±10.65) | 123.2 (±12.4) | <0.001a <0.001b  |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg; mean ± sd) | 65.16 (±8.16) | 65.74 (±7.35) | 65.48 (±8.27) |  |
Western diet (mean ± sd) | -0.25 (±0.79) | -0.4 (±0.68) | 0.41 (±0.94) | <0.001a <0.001b <0.05c  |
Healthy diet (mean ± sd) | 0.01 (±0.84) | -0.01 (±0.80) | 0.03 (±0.96) |  |
Misreporting (n/%) |  |  |  | <0.01a <0.001b  |
Underreporting | 77 (38.7) | 116 (43.12) | 131 (23.82) | Â |
Plausible reporting | 80 (40.2) | 109 (40.52) | 222 (40.36) | Â |
Over-reporting | 8 (4.02) | 11 (4.09) | 33 (6) | Â |
NA | 34 (17.09) | 33 (12.26) | 164 (29.82) | Â |
Physical Activity (in the last 7 days, n/%) |  |  |  | <0.001a <0.001b  |
Less than once | 39 (20) | 55 (20.45) | 36 (6.55) | Â |
1 to 3 times | 76 (38.19) | 122 (45.35) | 137 (24.91) | Â |
More than 4 | 59 (29.65) | 73 (27.14) | 244 (44.36) | Â |
NA | 25 (12.56) | 19 (7.06) | 133 (24.18) | Â |
Sedentary behaviour (hours per day, n/%) |  |  |  | <0.05a <0.05b  |
0 | / | 1 (0.37) | / | Â |
1 | 26 (13.07) | 42 (15.61) | 37 (6.73) | Â |
2 | 80 (40.2) | 113 (42.01) | 204 (37.09) | Â |
3 | 47 (23.62) | 74 (27.51) | 142 (25.82) | Â |
4 | 24 (12.06) | 21 (7.81) | 41 (7.45) | Â |
NA | 22 (11.06) | 18 (6.69) | 126 (22.91) | Â |
Smoking (currently, n/%) | ||||
 No | 154 (77.39) | 217 (80.67) | 355 (64.55) |  |
 Yes | 23 (11.56) | 33 (12.27) | 68 (12.36) |  |
 NA | 22 (11.06) | 19 (7.06) | 127 (23.09) |  |
Alcohol consumption ((in the last 7Â days, n/%) | Â | Â | Â | <0.001a <0.01c |
 No | 103 (51.76) | 110 (40.89) | 158 (28.37) |  |
 Yes | 70 (35.18) | 137 (50.93) | 258 (46.91) |  |
 NA | 26 (13.07) | 22 (8.18) | 134 (24.36) |  |
Ethnicity (n/%) | ||||
 Caucasian | 159 (79.9) | 234 (86.99) | 452 (82.18) |  |
 Not Caucasian | 34 (17.09) | 33 (12.27) | 84 (15.27) |  |
 NA | 6 (3.02) | 2 (0.74) | 14 (2.55) |  |