Table 1 Summary of studies included in the descriptive analysis
Group | First author (year) | N (% girls) | Age (years) | Sample protocol | Assay | Result | Biasa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saliva <8 years | Klug (2000) [35] | 119 (46%) | 0 | 3-point day curve | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 2 |
Eiden (2015) [36] | 257 (?) | 0.75 | Laboratory temperament assessment | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 3 | |
Plusquellec (2011) [37] | 466 (?) | 1.6 ± 0. 1 | Morning sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 2 | |
Spinrad (2009) [38] | 84 (49%) | 4.5 | Preschool laboratory assessment | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 2 | |
Hatzinger (2007) [15] | 102 (42%) | 4.9 ± 0. 4 | CAR | Immunoassay | Cortisol levels were lower in boys at awakening (P < 0.1) | 1 | |
Saliva 8–18 years | Safarzadeh (2005) [39] | 100 (58%) | 6–14 | Morning sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 1 |
Isaksson (2015) [40] | 68 (50%) | 9 | Morning sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 2 | |
Kjölhede (2014) [41] | 231 (50%) | 9.5 ± 1.5 | Morning sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 1 | |
Vaillancourt (2008) [8] | 154 (52%) | 12.3 ± 0.8 | Six samples standardized across time and day | Immunoassay | On Saturday morning, boys had significantly lower morning levels. On Monday and Thursday, no significant gender differences were found. | 1 | |
Gunnar (2009) [42] | 82 (49%) | 9–15 | TSST | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 1 | |
Serum <8 years | Fadalti (1999) [43] | 72 (49%) | 0–2 | Morning sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 0 |
Ballerini (2010) [44] | 319 (45%) | 0–5 | Surplus serum | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 2 | |
Parker (1978) [45] | 106 (43%) | 2–12 | Morning sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 2 | |
Serum 8–18 years | Kulasingam (2010) [46] | 419 (?) | 0 – 15 | Surplus serum | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 3 |
Soldin (2005) [47] | 376 (?) | 0–18 | Surplus serum | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 1 | |
Karbasy (2015) [48] | 711 (?) | 0–19 | ? | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 1 | |
Fadalti (1999) [43] | 82 (49%) | 6–18 | Morning sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 0 | |
Barra (2015) [49] | 120 (45%) | 12.4 ± 3 | Morning sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 1 | |
Chalew (1997) [50] | 15 (73%) | 12.7 ± 2.2 | 24-h blood withdrawal | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 1 | |
Linder (1990) [51] | 82 (58%) | 8–17 | 24-h blood withdrawal | HPL | No gender differences. | 0 | |
Urine <8 years | – | ||||||
Urine 8–18 years | Dorn (1996) [52] | 20 (55%) | 15.2 ± 1.1 | 24-h urine sample | Immunoassay | No gender differences | 1 |