From: In utero origin of sex-related differences in future cardiovascular disease
Fetal sex | |||
---|---|---|---|
Female fetuses | Male fetuses | ||
n = 496 | n = 532 | p value | |
Preload | |||
Ductus venosus PIV | ref | 0.02 (0.01; 0.05) | <0.05 |
E wave tricuspid valvea | ref | −1.02 (−1.81; −0.24) | <0.05 |
A wave tricuspid valvea | ref | −0.49 (−1.55; 0.58) | NS |
E/A ratio tricuspid valvea | ref | −0.01 (−0.03; −0.00) | <0.05 |
E wave mitral valvea | ref | −1.28 (−2.11; −0.46) | <0.05 |
A wave mitral valvea | ref | −0.55 (−1.59; 0.50) | NS |
E/A ratio mitral valvea | ref | −0.02 (−0.03; −0.01) | <0.05 |
Afterload | |||
Umbilical artery PI | ref | −0.03 (−0.05; −0.01) | <0.05 |
Middle cerebral artery PI | ref | −0.03 (−0.07; 0.01) | NS |
Ascending aorta PSV (cm/s)a | ref | −0.94 (−2.60; 0.71) | NS |
Pulmonary artery PSV (cm/s)a | ref | −1.33 (−2.63; −0.03) | <0.05 |
Fetal heart rate (beats/min) | ref | −1.71 (−2.90; −0.53) | <0.05 |
Combined cardiac output (ml/min)a | ref | −21.8 (−71.00; 27.38) | NS |