From: In utero origin of sex-related differences in future cardiovascular disease
Fetal sex | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Female fetuses | Male fetuses | ||
N = 1028 | n = 496 | n = 532 | p value | |
Gestational age enrolment (weeks) | 12.9 (6.9–24.5) | 12.9 (7.4–24.5) | 12.9 (6.9–23.7) | NS |
Maternal age (years) | 31.5 ± 4.1 | 31.6 ± 4.0 | 31.5 ± 4.2 | NS |
Parity (% 0) | 61.2 | 60.9 | 61.5 | NS |
Educational level (% university/college) | 63.3 | 75.7 | 62.5 | NS |
BMI intake (kg/m2) | 23.1 (16.7–43.3) | 23.3 (17.9–41.9) | 23.0 (16.7–43.3) | NS |
Smoking during pregnancy (% No) | 75.7 | 75.8 | 75.7 | NS |
Preconception folic acid use (% Yes) | 60.9 | 61.2 | 60.5 | NS |
Gestational age third trimester (weeks) | 30.4 (27.4–35.1) | 30.3 (27.4–35.0) | 30.4 (27.6–35.1) | NS |
Estimated fetal weight (grams) | 1607 ± 252 | 1582 ± 255 | 1632 ± 255 | <0.05 |
Ductus venosus PIV | 0.56 ± 0.17 | 0.55 ± 0.16 | 0.57 ± 0.18 | <0.05 |
E wave tricuspid valve | 42.9 ± 5.8 | 43.3 ± 6.0 | 42.6 ± 5.6 | <0.05 |
A wave tricuspid valve | 56.0 ± 7.8 | 56.3 ± 7.9 | 55.6 ± 7.7 | NS |
E/A ratio tricuspid valve | 0.77 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.08 | NS |
E wave mitral valve | 40.0 ± 6.1 | 40.5 ± 6.3 | 39.6 ± 5.9 | <0.05 |
A wave mitral valve | 51.5 ± 7.7 | 51.9 ± 7.8 | 51.1 ± 7.6 | <0.05 |
E/A ratio mitral valve | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 0.79 ± 1.0 | 0.78 ± 1.0 | <0.05 |
Umbilical artery PI | 0.97 ± 0.17 | 0.99 ± 0.17 | 0.95 ± 0.17 | <0.05 |
Middle cerebral artery PI | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | NS |
Aorta ascendens PSV (cm/s) | 90.9 ± 12.6 | 91.5 ± 12.4 | 90.5 ± 12.8 | NS |
Pulmonary artery PSV (cm/s) | 73.7 ± 9.7 | 74.2 ± 10.0 | 73.1 ± 9.5 | NS |
Fetal heart rate (beats/min) | 138.5 ± 8.8 | 139.2 ± 8.2 | 137.9 ± 9.2 | <0.05 |
Combined cardiac output (ml/min) | 1485 ± 389 | 1481 ± 362 | 1489 ± 413 | NS |
Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 40.3 (30.4–43.4) | 40.3 (30.4–42.7) | 40.3 (32.6–43.4) | NS |
Birth weight (grams) | 3532 ± 542 | 3490 ± 540 | 3570 ± 529 | <0.05 |