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Table 1 Subject characteristics (n = 1028)

From: In utero origin of sex-related differences in future cardiovascular disease

  

Fetal sex

Total

Female fetuses

Male fetuses

 

N = 1028

n = 496

n = 532

p value

Gestational age enrolment (weeks)

12.9 (6.9–24.5)

12.9 (7.4–24.5)

12.9 (6.9–23.7)

NS

Maternal age (years)

31.5 ± 4.1

31.6 ± 4.0

31.5 ± 4.2

NS

Parity (% 0)

61.2

60.9

61.5

NS

Educational level (% university/college)

63.3

75.7

62.5

NS

BMI intake (kg/m2)

23.1 (16.7–43.3)

23.3 (17.9–41.9)

23.0 (16.7–43.3)

NS

Smoking during pregnancy (% No)

75.7

75.8

75.7

NS

Preconception folic acid use (% Yes)

60.9

61.2

60.5

NS

Gestational age third trimester (weeks)

30.4 (27.4–35.1)

30.3 (27.4–35.0)

30.4 (27.6–35.1)

NS

Estimated fetal weight (grams)

1607 ± 252

1582 ± 255

1632 ± 255

<0.05

Ductus venosus PIV

0.56 ± 0.17

0.55 ± 0.16

0.57 ± 0.18

<0.05

E wave tricuspid valve

42.9 ± 5.8

43.3 ± 6.0

42.6 ± 5.6

<0.05

A wave tricuspid valve

56.0 ± 7.8

56.3 ± 7.9

55.6 ± 7.7

NS

E/A ratio tricuspid valve

0.77 ± 0.09

0.77 ± 0.09

0.77 ± 0.08

NS

E wave mitral valve

40.0 ± 6.1

40.5 ± 6.3

39.6 ± 5.9

<0.05

A wave mitral valve

51.5 ± 7.7

51.9 ± 7.8

51.1 ± 7.6

<0.05

E/A ratio mitral valve

0.78 ± 0.09

0.79 ± 1.0

0.78 ± 1.0

<0.05

Umbilical artery PI

0.97 ± 0.17

0.99 ± 0.17

0.95 ± 0.17

<0.05

Middle cerebral artery PI

2.0 ± 0.3

2.0 ± 0.3

2.0 ± 0.3

NS

Aorta ascendens PSV (cm/s)

90.9 ± 12.6

91.5 ± 12.4

90.5 ± 12.8

NS

Pulmonary artery PSV (cm/s)

73.7 ± 9.7

74.2 ± 10.0

73.1 ± 9.5

NS

Fetal heart rate (beats/min)

138.5 ± 8.8

139.2 ± 8.2

137.9 ± 9.2

<0.05

Combined cardiac output (ml/min)

1485 ± 389

1481 ± 362

1489 ± 413

NS

Gestational age at birth (weeks)

40.3 (30.4–43.4)

40.3 (30.4–42.7)

40.3 (32.6–43.4)

NS

Birth weight (grams)

3532 ± 542

3490 ± 540

3570 ± 529

<0.05

  1. Values are means (standard deviation ± SD) or medians (range)
  2. BMI body mass index, PI pulsatility index, PIV pulsatility index for veins, PSV peak systolic velocity, NS not significant