Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients according to gender-specific tertiles of serum uric acid

Serum uric acid range (μmol/L)

<342.7

342.7–410.8

≥410.8

<266.3

266.3–328.2

≥328.2

Age (years)

45.2 ± 10.1

45.9 ± 10.8

45.2 ± 9.4

0.959

48.5 ± 12.9

50.9 ± 9.4

50.8 ± 12.5

0.755

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.1 ± 3.5

26.0 ± 3.3

27.4 ± 2.9

0.022

25.0 ± 3.0

24.4 ± 2.6

24.5 ± 3.4

0.820

Menopause

–

–

–

–

9 (45 %)

11 (52 %)

11 (52 %)

0.863

Hypertension

8 (24 %)

11 (33 %)

7 (21 %)

0.508

6 (30 %)

8 (38 %)

8 (38 %)

0.824

Diabetes mellitus

3 (9 %)

0 (0 %)

2 (6 %)

0.365

0 (0 %)

1 (5 %)

0 (0 %)

1.000

Dyslipidemia

8 (24 %)

10 (30 %)

14 (42 %)

0.274

3 (15 %)

5 (24 %)

7 (33 %)

0.408

Current smokers

18 (55 %)

18 (55 %)

21 (64 %)

0.689

0 (0 %)

1 (5 %)

1 (5 %)

1.000

Duration of obstructive HC (months)

7 (1.5–42)

12 (2–66)

12 (1.5–60)

0.435

12 (1.25–36)

12 (1.5–24)

12 (3–72)

0.562

NYHA class III/IV

27 (82 %)

30 (91 %)

28 (85 %)

0.672

16 (80 %)

19 (91 %)

18 (86 %)

0.610

Syncope

10 (30 %)

8 (24 %)

12 (36 %)

0.563

6 (30 %)

7 (33 %)

10 (48 %)

0.459

Family history of HC

8 (24 %)

9 (27 %)

3 (9 %)

0.143

8 (40 %)

4 (19 %)

4 (19 %)

0.212

Family history of sudden death

5 (15 %)

4 (12 %)

2 (6 %)

0.614

4 (20 %)

0 (0 %)

2 (10 %)

0.073

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

119.8 ± 16.9

118.3 ± 17.7

113.5 ± 13.2

0.256

114.5 ± 13.5

120.5 ± 20.7

117.5 ± 22.9

0.616

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

73.9 ± 10.9

74.8 ± 12.5

72.7 ± 9.9

0.742

69.3 ± 8.6

75.1 ± 12.9

70.4 ± 11.1

0.257

Heart rate (beats/min)

67.8 ± 9.5

69.1 ± 10.6

68.8 ± 9.7

0.861

72.4 ± 14.1

66.6 ± 8.7

73.5 ± 14.4

0.147

Atrial fibrillation

0 (0 %)

3 (9 %)

4 (12 %)

0.156

2 (10 %)

1 (5 %)

3 (14 %)

0.682

Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia^a

2 (8 %)

1 (4 %)

1 (4 %)

0.836

1 (6 %)

1 (6 %)

3 (21 %)

0.414

Medications

 Beta-blockers

26 (79 %)

30 (91 %)

23 (70 %)

0.098

14 (70 %)

18 (86 %)

13 (62 %)

0.213

 Calcium antagonists

12 (36 %)

10 (30 %)

4 (12 %)

0.066

5 (25 %)

9 (43 %)

11 (52 %)

0.194

 Amiodarone

2 (6 %)

1 (3 %)

2 (6 %)

1.000

0 (0 %)

1 (5 %)

1 (5 %)

1.000

 ACEI/ARB

6 (18 %)

2 (6 %)

3 (9 %)

0.370

4 (20 %)

4 (19 %)

6 (29 %)

0.801

 Statins

2 (6 %)

6 (18 %)

2 (6 %)

0.208

1 (5 %)

3 (14 %)

4 (19 %)

0.508

 Aspirin

5 (15 %)

9 (27 %)

11 (33 %)

0.223

6 (30 %)

3 (14 %)

6 (29 %)

0.498

 Diuretics

0 (0 %)

3 (9 %)

1 (3 %)

0.320

2 (10 %)

1 (5 %)

2 (10 %)

0.864

Laboratory data

 Serum creatinine (μmol/L)

73.7 ± 12.1

79.5 ± 10.0

78.4 ± 11.2

0.089

59.1 ± 12.5

59.9 ± 12.8

61.3 ± 8.5

0.824

 eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

104.4 ± 11.1

99.7 ± 13.6

101.2 ± 13.3

0.313

101.5 ± 17.0

98.5 ± 13.7

99.6 ± 13.4

0.805

 Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

4.77 ± 0.70

4.85 ± 0.46

4.94 ± 0.58

0.509

4.96 ± 0.55

4.82 ± 0.82

4.78 ± 0.43

0.645

 HbA1c (%)

5.56 ± 0.40

5.55 ± 0.54

5.68 ± 0.63

0.528

5.45 ± 0.26

5.69 ± 0.78

5.64 ± 0.35

0.316

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.34 ± 0.73

4.68 ± 1.18

4.85 ± 1.03

0.108

4.21 ± 0.89

4.76 ± 0.96

4.62 ± 1.09

0.186

 HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.13 ± 0.24

1.07 ± 0.28

1.01 ± 0.20

0.144

1.26 ± 0.37

1.23 ± 0.21

1.29 ± 0.32

0.814

 LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.61 ± 0.71

3.00 ± 1.04

3.05 ± 0.95

0.102

2.43 ± 0.71

2.94 ± 0.77

2.90 ± 0.70

0.056

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.36 ± 0.58

1.52 ± 0.64

2.18 ± 1.23

0.001

1.34 ± 0.82

1.62 ± 0.78

1.61 ± 0.91

0.476

 hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.11 (0.30–2.12)

1.26 (0.69–1.83)

1.36 (0.88–2.99)

0.291

1.04 (0.39–1.78)

0.81 (0.28–1.65)

1.67 (0.68–2.96)

0.111

 NT-proBNP (pmol/L)

1140.9 (863.9–1459.1)

1314.9 (812.5–2089.4)

1154.1 (699.6–1578.7)

0.536

1518.2 (862.2–2670.2)

1392.5 (833.6–2558.0)

2308.2 (1205.9–2966.6)

0.299

Serum uric acid (μmol/L)

292.5 ± 42.8

373.3 ± 19.1

477.6 ± 54.0

<0.001

236.4 ± 22.0

298.2 ± 13.0

388.9 ± 44.0

<0.001

Echocardiography

 Systolic anterior motion

30 (91 %)

33 (100 %)

31 (100 %)

0.365

18 (90 %)

20 (95 %)

20 (95 %)

0.684

 Moderate or severe MR

13 (39 %)

12 (36 %)

11 (33 %)

0.877

10 (50 %)

7 (33 %)

8 (38 %)

0.536

 LVOTG at rest (mmHg)

78.1 ± 27.5

89.7 ± 34.4

66.0 ± 31.6

0.011

81.3 ± 33.5

85.7 ± 32.1

72.2 ± 32.1

0.398

 LVOTG at rest ≥30 mmHg

33 (100 %)

33 (100 %)

27 (82 %)

0.003

18 (90 %)

20 (95 %)

19 (91 %)

0.864

 LVOTG after provocation (mmHg)^b

96.2 ± 35.9

98.9 ± 21.6

91.7 ± 30.2

0.843

90.6 ± 8.0

88.3 ± 20.7

85.6 ± 18.8

0.877

Cardiac magnetic resonance

 Left atrium diameter (mm)

37.8 ± 6.6

39.1 ± 8.3

42.6 ± 7.2

0.025

39.6 ± 8.6

38.8 ± 6.5

43.8 ± 8.0

0.088

 LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)

46.8 ± 3.6

46.2 ± 5.2

46.3 ± 3.4

0.828

45.1 ± 4.5

45.6 ± 3.8

43.4 ± 3.9

0.213

 Maximum wall thickness (mm)

23.1 ± 3.6

24.3 ± 5.6

23.0 ± 3.6

0.449

23.1 ± 3.5

21.9 ± 4.3

24.0 ± 7.4

0.429

 Maximum wall thickness ≥30 mm

1 (3 %)

5 (15 %)

2 (6 %)

0.266

1 (5 %)

1 (5 %)

3 (14 %)

0.605

 LV ejection fraction (%)

71.5 ± 7.5

72.7 ± 4.6

72.4 ± 8.9

0.775

72.1 ± 7.8

71.2 ± 7.1

72.7 ± 7.3

0.805

 LV mass (g)

162.5 ± 45.2

194.4 ± 77.8

185.0 ± 65.2

0.122

117.6 ± 37.5

136.6 ± 50.5

157.0 ± 63.0

0.058

 LV end-diastolic volume index (mL/m²)

65.2 ± 12.3

66.2 ± 15.1

63.9 ± 15.1

0.797

60.1 ± 10.0

69.8 ± 16.4

61.8 ± 13.0

0.053

 LV end-systolic volume index (mL/m²)

18.7 ± 6.7

17.9 ± 4.6

17.7 ± 7.0

0.786

16.9 ± 7.3

20.4 ± 7.6

16.9 ± 5.8

0.177

 Stroke volume index (mL/m²)

46.5 ± 9.4

48.3 ± 12.0

46.2 ± 12.6

0.723

43.2 ± 6.9

49.3 ± 10.7

44.8 ± 9.9

0.100

 Cardiac index (L/min/m²)

3.16 ± 0.69

3.16 ± 0.92

3.02 ± 0.70

0.709

2.99 ± 0.61

3.31 ± 0.87

3.07 ± 0.89

0.398

 LV mass index (g/m²)

88.7 ± 23.7

103.4 ± 37.0

96.6 ± 33.4

0.177

71.2 ± 23.1

83.7 ± 31.3

97.7 ± 36.9

0.030