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Fig. 3 | Biology of Sex Differences

Fig. 3

From: Sexually dimorphic effects of early life stress in rat pups on urinary bladder detrusor muscle contractility in adulthood

Fig. 3

EFS-induced bladder detrusor muscle contractility in adult female rats following ELS. a Representative traces of nerve-mediated detrusor urinary bladder contractility in response to EFS (4 Hz) in adult female rats following neonatal conditioning. b In the bladder detrusor muscle isolated from adult female rats following neonatal adversity, EFS caused an increase in the amplitude of the bladder detrusor muscle contractile response that was frequency-dependent. In adult female rats that experienced unpredictable odor-shock conditioning (n = 6), there was a marked attenuation in the nerve-mediated bladder detrusor muscle contractility compared to odor only control treatment (n = 6) or neonatal predictable odor-shock (n = 6), (#p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001) and odor only controls (** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001). (n value is shown as the number of animals)

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