Table 2 Genes showing sex-biased expression in the gonad

  cyp19a1a ^a

Aromatase a (gonad isoform)

c75632_g1_i1

F

F [19, 20, 47, 110, 137, 180, 181]

  cyp11c1/b2

Steroid 11β-hydroxylase

c112162_g1_i1

M

M [20, 21, 49, 137]

  hsd11b2

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2

c117833_g1_i1

M

M [21, 47]

  hsd11b3

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 (or 1 like a)

c71474_g1_i1

F

NSD [47]

  cyp17a1

Steroid 17α-hydroxylase 1

c152588_g2_i1

M

M [21, 47, 110]

  hsd17b1

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

c33723_g1_i1

F

F [47]

  hsd17b3

17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3

c3610_g1_i1

M

NSD [47]

  cyp11a1

Cholesterol side-chain cleaving enzyme

c152363_g1_i1

M

M [47]

  star-like

Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

c156452_g1_i1

M

M [47]

  esr1

Estrogen receptor alpha

c73327_g1_i1

M

M [21, 47, 110]

  esr2a

Estrogen receptor beta 1

c70616_g1_i1

M

F [47]

  esr2b

Estrogen receptor beta 2

c110359_g1_i1

M but NSD

M [47, 182]

  fshr

Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor

c152458_g1_i1

M

M [183] or NSD [182]

  lhr ^a

Luteinizing hormone receptor

c74538_g1_i1

M

NSD [182]

  nr3c1

Glucocorticoid receptor

c4332_g1_i1

M

  nr3c2

Mineralocorticoid receptor

c1060_g1_i1

F

  dmrt1

Doublesex- and mab-3-related transcription factor 1

c154918_g1_i1_split_1

M

M [21, 49, 137, 184–188]

  dmrt2(a)

Doublesex- and mab-3-related transcription factor 2(a)

c155062_g1_i1

M

  dmrt1a1 ^a

Doublesex- and mab-3-related transcription factor like A1

c90860_g1_i1

M

  foxl2

Forkhead box L2

c29733_g1_i1

F

F [19, 46, 49, 110, 125, 127, 133] or NSD [21, 135]

  foxl3

Forkhead box L3

c158785_g1_i1

M

M [125]

  sf-1

Steroidogenic factor-1

c152032_g1_i1

M

M [20, 49, 110]

  amh

Anti-Müllerian hormone or Müllerian-inhibiting substance

c115827_g1_i1

M

M [20, 21, 49, 189]

  amhr2

Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor 2

c197093_g1_i1

M

M [34, 189]

  gsdf

Gonadal soma derived factor

c69648_g1_i1-a

M

M [48, 190]

  sox2

SRY-related HMG box 2

c32495_g1_i1

F

  sox3 ^a

SRY-related HMG box 3

c72647_g1_i1

F

F [191] or M [186, 192]

  sox8

SRY-related HMG box 8

c75695_g1_i1

M

M [193]

  sox9a

SRY-related HMG box 9a

c4248_g1_i1

M

M [49, 110, 185, 191, 194] or F [137, 195]

  sox9b ^a

SRY-related HMG box 9b

c193758_g2_i1

M

M [196] or F [137, 185, 194]

  wt-1a ^a

Wilms tumor protein 1a

c32767_g1_i1

M

M [20, 21] or F [137]

  wt-1b

Wilms tumor protein 1b

c29263_g1_i1

M but NSD

M [20] or F [137]

  dax1/nr0b1

Dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1

c209037_g1_i1

F

M [49] or F [137, 197]

  gdf9

Growth and differentiation factor 9

c152091_g1_i1

F

F [110]

  fgf20b

Fibroblast growth factor 20-like

c193577_g1_i1

F

F [47]

  figla

Factor in the germline alpha

c204647_g1_i1

F

F [137, 184]

  wnt4a

Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4a

c167432_g1_i1

F but NSD

F [19, 137] or M [141]

  wnt4b

Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 4b

c203717_g1_i1

M

NSD [141] or M [137]

  rspo1

R-spondin-1 (precursor)

c155259_g1_i1

M

F [142] or M [137]

  ctnnb1

Catenin (cadherin-associated protein), beta 1

c70814_g1_i1

F

F [20, 21, 137]

  fstl3

Follistatin-like 3

c85803_g1_i1

M

  fstl4 ^a _c1

Follistatin-like 4_contig1

c6910_g1_i1

M

  fstl4 ^a _c2

Follistatin-like 4_contig2

c76818_g1_i1

F

  fstl5

Follistatin-like 5

c110224_g1_i1

M

  aldh1a2

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A2

c158408_g1_i1

M

M [145]

  cyp26a1

Cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily a, polypeptide 1

c29815_g1_i1

F

F [21, 145]

  cyp26b1

Cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily b, polypeptide 1

c117560_g1_i1

M

M [21] or NSD [145]

  raraa

Retinoid acid receptor alpha a

c199432_g1_i1

F

  rarab

Retinoid acid receptor alpha b

c153705_g1_i1

F

  rarb

Retinoid acid receptor beta

c209577_g1_i1

F

  stra6

Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6

c153800_g1_i1

F

F but NSD [21]

  piwi-like1

P-element induced wimpy testis (piwi) like 1

c1516_g1_i1

M

M [21]

  dnmt1

DNA methyltransferase 1

c30017_g1_i1

F

  dnmt3aa

DNA methyltransferase 3aa

c755_g1_i1

M

  dnmt3ab ^a _c1

DNA methyltransferase 3ab_contig 1

c193863_g1_i1

F

  dnmt3ab ^a _c2

DNA methyltransferase 3ab_contig 2

c157308_g1_i1

M

  dnmt3b

DNA methyltransferase 3b

c71358_g1_i1

M

  dnmt3

DNA methyltransferase 3

c194062_g1_i1

F

  dnmt4

DNA methyltransferase 4

c161106_g1_i1

M

  hdac2 ^a

Histone deacetylase 2

c75925_g1_i1

F

  hdac7

Histone deacetylase 7

c193969_g1_i1

F

  hdac8

Histone deacetylase 8

c71086_g1_i1

M

  hdac10

Histone deacetylase 10

c37022_g1_i1

F

  hdac11 ^a _c1

Histone deacetylase 11_contig 1

c152723_g1_i1

M

  hdac11 ^a _c2

Histone deacetylase 11_contig 2

c115912_g1_i1

F

  Ep300a ^a

Histone acetyltransferase—E1A binding protein 300a

c193959_g1_i1

F

  Ep300b ^a

Histone acetyltransferase—E1A binding protein 300b

c112702_g1_i1

F

  KAT2b

Histone acetyltransferase—K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2b

c152736_g1_i1

M

  KAT7 ^a

Histone acetyltransferase—K(lysine) acetyltransferase 7

c72324_g1_i1

M