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Table 2 Substance use behavior among men and women

From: Sex differences in substance use, health, and social functioning among opioid users receiving methadone treatment: a multicenter cohort study

  

Sex

Adjusted analyses, men vs. women

Outcome

Total

Men

Women

OR/MD

95 % CI

Adjusted p

 

n = 492

n = 266

n = 226

   

Primary

      

 Opioid use in prior 3 months, urine screening; n (%)

239 (48.5)

129 (48.5)

110 (48.5)

1.03

0.71, 1.50

0.911

Secondary

      

 Proportion of use in prior 3 months, urine screening; n (%)

      

  Amphetamines

23 (4.7)

15 (5.6)

8 (3.5)

0.68

0.28, 1.66

0.616

  Benzodiazepines

195 (39.6)

95 (35.7)

100 (44.1)

1.60

1.10, 2.33

0.055

  Cannabis

114 (23.1)

74 (27.8)

40 (17.6)

0.57

0.37, 0.89

0.056

  Cocaine

171 (34.7)

97 (36.5)

74 (32.6)

0.80

0.54, 1.17

0.417

  Ecstasy

23 (4.7)

13 (4.9)

10 (4.4)

1.00

0.69, 1.44

0.985

 Positive urine screens in prior three months, percent; median (Q 1, Q 3)

      

  Amphetamines

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 0)

−0.56

−1.11, −0.01

0.141

  Benzodiazepines

0 (0, 27.3)

0 (0, 20.0)

0 (0, 30.8)

−0.00

−0.27, 0.27

1.008

  Cannabis

0 (0, 100.0)

0 (0, 100.0)

0 (0, 50.0)

−16.55

−26.90, −6.19

0.011

  Cocaine

0 (0, 12.5)

0 (0, 17.7)

0 (0, 7.7)

−0.20

−0.52, 0.12

0.397

  Opioids

0 (0, 25.0)

0 (0, 27.8)

0 (0, 20.0)

−0.21

−0.45, 0.06

0.273

 Alcohol use disorder, M.I.N.I.; n (%)

      

  Alcohol dependence

26 (6.3)

14 (6.5)

11 (5.7)

0.81

0.34, 1.90

0.809

  Alcohol abuse

13 (3.2)

7 (3.2)

6 (3.1)

0.84

0.27, 2.58

0.844

 Smoking behavior, self-report

      

  Current smokers; n (%)

412 (84.1)

212 (80.0)

199 (88.8)

1.93

1.14, 3.27

0.053

  Cigarettes smoked daily; mean (SD)

16.9 (10.4)

18.3 (11.7)

15.4 (8.6)

−2.81

−4.79, −0.84

0.024

  Age of first smoking, years; mean (SD)

15.5 (5.4)

15.5 (5.5)

15.4 (5.3)

0.11

−0.91, 1.12

0.909

Sensitivity analysis

      

 Proportion of use in prior month, MAP; n (%)

      

  Alcohol

227 (46.0)

129 (48.5)

97 (42.9)

0.73

0.50, 1.05

0.213

  Heroin

57 (11.5)

35 (13.2)

21 (9.3)

0.54

0.29, 1.00

0.142

  Illicit methadone

26 (5.3)

11 (4.1)

14 (6.2)

1.43

0.60, 3.41

0.635

  Illicit benzodiazepines

53 (10.7)

29 (10.9)

23 (10.2)

0.90

0.49, 1.66

0.879

  Cocaine

89 (18.0)

42 (15.8)

46 (20.4)

1.53

0.91, 2.59

0.241

  Crack

57 (11.5)

31 (11.7)

25 (11.1)

0.86

0.42, 1.77

0.839

  Amphetamines

32 (6.5)

16 (6.0)

15 (6.6)

0.39

0.10, 1.50

0.330

  Cannabis

241 (46.9)

143 (53.8)

88 (41.2)

0.49

0.34, 0.72

<0.001

  1. All analyses have been adjusted for age, methadone dose, and duration of treatment using multivariable regression and for multiple testing error using false discovery rate; results for binary variables reported as OR and results for continuous variables reported as MD. Variables with non-normal distribution (positive drug urine screens) have been log transformed for analysis; differences are reported on the log scale. Data for alcohol use disorder measured by the MINI was only available for 409 participants
  2. Q 1 quartile 1, Q 3 quartile 3, M.I.N.I. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, SD standard deviation, MAP Maudsley Addiction Profile, OR odds ratio, MD mean difference, CI confidence interval
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Biology of Sex Differences

ISSN: 2042-6410

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