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Table 4 Cytokine levels in gastrointestinal and liver tissue in male and female rats fed control or OF-supplemented diets

From: Sex differences in gut fermentation and immune parameters in rats fed an oligofructose-supplemented diet

  

Male

Female

Main and interaction (p value)

Cytokine(ng/g)

Tissuea

Control

OF

Control

OF

Dietb

Sexc

Diet × sexd

Tissue × diete

Tissue × sexf

Tissue × diet × sexg

CINC-1

Ileum

0.23 ± 0.01

0.25 ± 0.02

0.02 ± 0.02

0.17 ± 0.10

      
 

Cecum

0.89 ± 0.23

0.69 ± 0.14

0.14 ± 0.14

0.51 ± 0.19

0.08

< 0.001

0.007

0.06

< 0.001

NS

 

Colon

0.70 ± 0.12

0.46 ± 0.07

1.59 ± 0.06

1.75 ± 0.13

      
 

Liver

10.95 ± 0.88

9.06 ± 0.96

6.56 ± 1.30

5.27 ± 0.38

      

IL-6

Ileum

ND

ND

1.33 ± 0.45

2.41 ± 0.18

      
 

Cecum

7.85 ± 0.92

7.73 ± 0.86

5.83 ± 0.71

5.06 ± 0.54

NS

< 0.001

NS

0.08

< 0.001

0.02

 

Colon

1.94 ± 0.24

2.45 ± 0.36

6.22 ± 1.17

4.59 ± 0.58

      
 

Liver

159.16 ± 11.94

173.42 ± 18.92

107.77 ± 9.43

93.81 ± 11.67

      

TGF-β1

Ileum

0.47 ± 0.03

0.54 ± 0.04

ND

ND

      
 

Cecum

2.45 ± 0.91

2.22 ± 0.89

2.09 ± 1.04

2.50 ± 1.25

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

 

Colon

0.44 ± 0.01

0.54 ± 0.03

0.72 ± 0.05

0.72 ± 0.04

      
 

Liver

36.97 ± 1.51

41.54 ± 2.24

39.36 ± 3.23

37.48 ± 4.70

      

IL-4

Ileum

0.14 ± 0.02

0.13 ± 0.03

0.89 ± 0.16

1.12 ± 0.17

      
 

Cecum

2.92 ± 0.53

2.28 ± 0.37

1.98 ± 0.10

2.34 ± 0.07

NS

< 0.001

0.08

NS

< 0.001

NS

 

Colon

1.06 ± 0.14

0.80 ± 0.07

3.85 ± 0.28

4.70 ± 0.12

      
 

Liver

32.56 ± 0.76

40.98 ± 6.13

48.99 ± 6.22

45.19 ± 6.49

      

IL-10

Ileum

3.9 ± 0.30

4.92 ± 0.66

1.28 ± 0.2

1.24 ± 0.21

      
 

Cecum

5.30 ± 0.24

6.48 ± 1.27

8.16 ± 0.84

6.66 ± 0.34

NS

< 0.001

NS

NS

< 0.001

NS

 

Colon

0.95 ± 0.13

0.77 ± 0.12

10.03 ± 0.68

9.84 ± 0.57

      
 

Liver

73.21 ± 4.18

75.39 ± 7.11

108.27 ± 11.09

111.42 ± 9.98

      
  1. OF oligofructose, ND not detectable, NS not significant
  2. aValues denote the mean (ng/g) ± SEM (n = 3–6) for each tissue
  3. bSignificance for diet was detected using three-way ANOVA
  4. cSignificance for sex was detected using three-way ANOVA
  5. dInteractions between diet × sex were detected using three-way ANOVA
  6. eInteractions between tissue × diet were detected using three-way ANOVA
  7. fInteractions between tissue × sex were detected using three-way ANOVA
  8. gInteractions between tissue × diet × sex were detected using three-way ANOVA