Table 2 Numbers of urinary EVs from epithelial cells of different segments of nephron and urinary tract
Urinary EV/mg creatinine | Controls from general population | First time kidney stone formers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nephron segments | Markers | Women ( n = 24) | Men ( n = 26) | Women ( n = 24) | Men ( n = 26) |
Glomerulus | Podocin + galectin-1 positive | 2,708 (1,037, 4,059) | 24* (6, 183) | 225† (77, 292) | 20* (7, 91) |
Bowman’s capsule | Claudin-1 positive | 96 (51, 322) | 11* (8, 26) | 11† (4, 17) | 14 (6, 35) |
Proximal tubule | URAT1 positive | 367 (195, 1,223) | 39* (18, 61) | 36† (20, 74) | 30 (21, 50) |
Thin loop of Henle | SLC14A2 positive | 182 (76, 544) | 5* (3, 23) | 11† (6, 18) | 9 (4, 50) |
Thick loop of Henle | Uromodulin positive | 21,960 (7,423, 46,782) | 1,033* (236, 3,389) | 2,652† (482, 5,031) | 1,458 (302, 4,558) |
Distal tubule | SLC12A3 positive | 611 (93, 1,459) | 28* (14, 48) | 24† (8, 50) | 15 (7, 42) |
Collecting duct | V-ATPase positive | 57 (11, 220) | 16* (7, 23) | 12† (5, 46) | 11 (4, 30) |
Renal pelvis | Cytokeratin 19 positive | 99 (51, 225) | 21* (2, 37) | 16† (9, 25) | 9 (6, 16) |
Urinary bladder | Neprilysin positive | 2,320 (1,308, 3,170) | 222* (112, 427) | 243† (121, 382) | 252 (126, 593) |