Genotype
|
Human gonadal sex
|
Human phenotype
|
Fly gonadal sex
|
Fly phenotype
|
---|
XO
|
Female
|
Turner femalea
|
Male
|
Sterile male
|
XX
|
Female
|
Female
|
Female
|
Female
|
XY
|
Male
|
Male
|
Male
|
Male
|
XXY
|
Male
|
Klinefelter maleb
|
Female
|
Healthy female
|
XYY
|
Male
|
Slightly atypical malec
|
Male
|
Lesser characterized male
|
XXX
|
Female
|
Slightly atypical femaled
|
Female
|
Metafemalee
|
- ‘Male’ and ‘female’ designations are based on gonadal sex. aXO (Turner) females have female external genitals but often have non-functioning ovaries, lack a menstrual cycle, and are sterile. Prevalence is estimated to be 1 per 2,000 live-born females[68]. bXXY (Klinefelter) males have male genitals but are often sterile and hypogonadic. They may display a range of female secondary characteristics, including enlarged breasts and small or undescended testes. Prevalence is estimated to be 1 per 658 live-born males[69]. cPrevalence of XYY males is estimated to be 1 in 1,000, but approximately 85% are never diagnosed. The phenotype commonly includes tall stature, macroenchephaly, macroorchidism, decreased muscle tone, and an increase in autistic spectrum disorder. Some may be at risk of reduced fertility[70]. dTriple X syndrome in females has a variable phenotype, and XXX females will often not display any abnormalities. The prevalence is about 1 per 1,000 female births[71]. eMetafemale Drosophila are often sterile and can display narrowed abdomens, wing abnormalities, irregular eye facets, and/or malformed legs. The observed frequency in adults is less that 1%, and viability post-eclosion is limited[72–75].