Table 1 Worse prognosis in males in acute diseases and in females during chronic inflammatory diseases

Acute diseases (higher in males)

  Hyaline membrane disease

54,064

Premature newborns

Ratio 1.76:1

[12]

  Meconium aspiration

21,472

Newborns

P < 0.02

[13]

  Mortality and morbidity of hospitalized children

Nearly 500,000

Children

P < 0.001

[18]

  Severe sepsis in children

1,586,253

Children

P < 0.001

[19]

  Pediatric hospital admissions

92,332

Children

Males 59%

[20]

  Acute respiratory failure after bone marrow transplantation

318

Children

P < 0.04

[21]

  Tuberculosis in Bangladesh

266,189

Adults

Ratio M/F, 1:0.33

[15]

  Tuberculosis in India

90,000

Adults

P < 0.05

[16]

  Community-acquired pneumonia

2-year prospective study

Adults

P < 0.0001

[22]

  Acute respiratory distress syndrome

333,004

Adults

P < 0.01

[23]

  Post-injury pneumonia

30,288

More than 65 years

P < 0.001

[1]

  Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia

623,718

More than 65 years

P < 0.001

[24]

  In-hospital community-acquired pneumonia (elderly)

717

More than 65 years

P < 0.02

[25]

  Australian seniors with chronic respiratory disease

108,312

More than 65 years

P < 0.0003

[26]

  Mycoplasma respiratory disease (mice)

55

Adult animals

P < 0.001

[27]

Chronic respiratory diseases (poorer prognosis in females)

  Chronic inflammatory diseases (children)

149 children

Children

P < 0.01

[28]

  Asthma in adolescents (sex ratio in severe asthma 5 F/1 M)

2,693

Adolescents

Ratio 1.85:1

[29]

  Chronic pulmonary diseases (females smokers)

Meta-analysis (55,709)

Adults

P < 0.008

[30]

  HIV-related pneumocystis pneumonia

3,070

Adults

P < 0.001

[31]

  Cystic fibrosis

21,047

1 to 20 years: females 60% more likely to die, outside same risk

P < 0.001

[32]

  Asthma

3,013

5 to 62 years

P < 0.01

[33]

  Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) emergencies

794

Adults

P < 0.01

[34]

  COPD

Clinical commentary

Adults

More females than males

[35]