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Table 5 Release of tumor necrosis factor α in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) obtained from each subgroup of females

From: Oral contraceptives modify DNA methylation and monocyte-derived macrophage function

Subgroup

Unstimulated (ng/ml)

Lipopolysaccharide (% increase)

P value

Fs, n = 76

67.4 (12.1 to 971.8)

2786.7 (323.6 to 29272.3)

< 0.001a

FOCs, n = 68

93.8(14.7 to 702.5)

1694.3(476.6 to 15386.7)

< 0.001a; < 0.02*

FOCA+, n = 33

90.5 (14.7 to 693.7)

1597.9 (507.3 to 10314.1)

< 0.001a

FOCA-, n = 35

88.6 (15.8 to 702.5)

1977.8 (476.6 to 15386.7)

< 0.001a

  1. Data are medians and ranges; n indicates the number of samples used to calculate the statistics.
  2. aIndicates the P value between unstimulated and stimulated MDMs.
  3. *P value between FOCs and Fs.
  4. FOCA+/FOCA- = FOCs further stratified as a function of androgenic (FOCA+) and non-androgenic (FOCA-) properties of progestins; FOCs = women treated with OCs for at least 3 months; Fs = women who had not used OCs for at least 3 months to ensure a sufficient washout period; OC = oral contraceptive.