Figure 4

Sex differences and the influence of gonadal hormones in the effects of abused drugs. The contents of this figure complement Figures 1 and 5 and emphasize sex differences (when known) and hormone effects (when known) in the effects of drugs of abuse (as depicted in the figures) with initial drug use without preexisting psychopathology (euphoria-seeking), initial drug use when using as self-medication, and during dependence. Yellow shading indicated changes associated with euphoria/positive effects, and blue shading indicated effects associated with dysphoria/negative symptomatology (M: male, F: female, for other abbreviations see list).