Table 1 Site of action in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus

Organization of motoneuron number

Androgens can attenuate cell death in cultured motoneurons

Motoneuron

[27]

Androgen receptor is expressed in muscle but not motoneuron during critical period

Muscle, not motoneuron

[28][26]

Ablation of spinal cord containing SNB does not prevent masculinization of target muscle

Not motoneuron

[29]

Ablation of target muscle prevents masculinization of SNB motoneurons

Muscle

[30]

Anti-androgen delivered to target muscles prevent masculinization of SNB motoneurons

Muscle

[31]

Administering CNTFa, trkB or trkC antagonists to target muscle more effective than systemic administration in preventing masculinization of SNB motoneurons

Muscle

[32]

SNB motoneurons of androgenized X^Tfm/X^wt females survive regardless of functional Ar within motoneurons

Not motoneuron

[33]

Selective genetic muscle AR replacement does not masculinize SNB of Tfm rats

Not only myocytes

[34]

Selective genetic deletion of Ar in myocytes reduces but does not prevent masculinization of SNB

Not only myocytes

[35, 36]

Organization of motoneuron size

Neonatal axotomy of SNB motoneurons prevents normal soma size

Muscle

[37]

Organization of motoneuron dendritic extent

ER agonist/antagonist delivered to target muscles more effective that systemic delivery in regulating dentritic outgrowth of SNB motoneurons

Muscle

[38]

Activation of motoneuron size

Axotomy of SNB motoneurons prevents androgenic maintenance of SNB motoneuron size

Muscle

[39–41]

AR agonists or antagonists delivered unilaterally to target muscles do not affect ipsilateral motoneurons

Motoneuron

[42]

Size of SNB motoneurons of androgenized X^Tfm/X^wt females depends on functional Ar within motoneurons

Motoneuron

[43]

Selective overexpression of AR in myocytes does not result in increases in quadriceps motoneuron size

Not myocyte

[44]

Activation of motoneuron gene expression

Local injection of target muscle extracts from castrated males increases CGRP in SNB motoneurons

Muscle

[45, 46]

Axotomy of SNB motoneurons affects AR

Muscle

[47][39][48]

CGRP, CDH2 in SNB motoneurons of androgenized XTfm/Xwt females depends on functional Ar within motoneurons

Motoneuron

[49, 50]

Activation of dendritic extent

AR agonists or antagonists delivered unilaterally to target muscles do affect ipsilateral motoneurons

Muscle

[42]

Selective overexpression of AR in myocytes results in androgen-dependent increases in dendritic extent in quadriceps motoneurons

Myocyte

[44]